Carcinogenic 3-nitrobenzanthrone but not 2-nitrobenzanthrone is metabolised to an unusual mercapturic acid in rats

Abstract

3-Nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) is an extremely potent mutagen and suspect human carcinogen found in diesel exhaust. Its isomer 2-nitrobenzanthrone (2-NBA) has also been found in ambient air. These isomers differ in mutagenicity in Salmonella by 2–3 orders of magnitude. To identify their urinary metabolites and also to assess the assumed differences in their excretion, rats were dosed orally with 2 mg/kg b.w. of either 2-NBA or 3-NBA. Their urine was collected for two consecutive days after dosage. Both LC–ESI-MS and GC–MS confirmed formation of the corresponding aminobenzanthrones (ABA). Excretion of these metabolites within the first day after dosing with 2- and 3-ABA amounted to 0.32 ± 0.06 and 0.83 ± 0.40% of the doses, respectively, while the excretion within the second day was by one order of magnitude lower. A novel mercapturic acid metabolite of 3-NBA was identified in urine by LC–ESI-MS as N-acetyl -S-(3-aminobenzanthron-2-yl)cysteine (3-ABA-MA) by comparison with the authentic standard. Its excretion amounted to 0.49 ± 0.15 and 0.02 ± 0.01% of dose within the first and second day after dosing, respectively. In contrast, no mercapturic acid was detected in the urine of rats dosed with 2-NBA. Observed difference in the mercapturic acid formation between 2- and 3-NBA is a new distinctive feature reflecting differences in the critical step of their metabolism, i.e., benzanthronylnitrenium ion formation that is intrinsically associated with biological activities of these two isomers. Moreover, 3-ABA-MA is a promising candidate biomarker of exposure to the carcinogenic 3-NBA.