Carbothermal reduction growth of ZnO nanostructures on sapphire—comparisons between graphite and activated charcoal powders

Abstract

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures were grown by the vapour phase transport (VPT) method on a-plane sapphire substrates via carbothermal reduction of ZnO powders with various carbon powders. Specifically, graphite powder and activated charcoal powder (of larger total surface area but similar mesh size) were used. ZnO nanostructures can be grown at lower temperatures (∼800°C) using activated charcoal than those required using graphite powder. Furthermore, the morphologies of ZnO nanostructures obtained using activated charcoal were different to those obtained using graphite. At higher temperatures (∼950°C), where well-aligned nanorods were obtained using graphite powder, no nanostructures were found using activated charcoal. In contrast to previous results on Si substrates we find that the effects on ZnO nanostructure growth on a-sapphire cannot be explained solely in terms of increased Zn vapour pressure due to the enhancement of the carbothermal reduction reaction rate by the high surface area activated charcoal.