Carbonized aerogel/ZnO-based dispersive solid phase extraction of daclatasvir and sofosbuvir from biological samples prior to liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract

Daclatasvir and sofosbuvir are antiviral medications utilized in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Due to their low therapeutic index, careful monitoring is necessary to ensure that the optimal dose is administered. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) is an exceptionally sensitive and specific technique for quantifying these drugs within biological matrices. In this study, we developed a novel dispersive solid-phase extraction method employing a carbonized bio aerogel composite with ZnO for efficient extraction of daclatasvir and sofosbuvir from exhaled breath condensate, urine, and plasma samples. The extracted analytes were subsequently subjected to analysis using HPLC–MS/MS. Optimal parameters including pH adjustment, sorbent quantity variation, and elution solvent selection were fine-tuned to achieve maximum recovery efficiency while ensuring selectivity enhancements. The developed method demonstrated broad linearity ranging between 1.2 and 200 ng/mL along with good precision (relative standard deviations ≤6.2 %) and an acceptable coefficient of determination (r2 ≥0.994). These findings establish our proposed method as suitable for reliable drug quantification in clinical samples.