Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes have been shown to play an important role in ion transport and in pH regulation in several organisms. Despite this information and the wealth of knowledge regarding the significance of CA enzymes, few studies have been reported about bee CA enzymes and the hazardous effects of chemicals. Using Apis mellifera as a model, this study aimed to determine the risk of pesticides on Apis mellifera Carbonic anhydrase enzyme (Am CA). CA was initially purified from Apis mellifera spermatheca for the first time in the literature. The enzyme was purified with an overall purification of ∼35-fold with a molecular weight of ∼32 kDa. The enzyme was then exposed to pesticides, including tebuconazole, propoxur, carbaryl, carbofuran, simazine and atrazine. The six pesticides dose-dependently inhibited in vitro AmCA activity at low micromolar concentrations. IC50 values for the pesticides were 0.0030, 0.0321, 0.0031, 0.0087, 0.0273 and 0.0165 μM, respectively. The AmCA inhibition mechanism of these compounds is unknown at this moment.
Highlights
Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) is a zinc metalloenzymes, which regulates pH and CO2 levels in all living organisms[1,2]
CA plays an important role in ion transport and pH regulation in eye, kidney, central nervous system (CNS) and inner ear[4]
It is well known that enzymes catalyze almost all chemical reactions in the metabolism of the living systems, and many chemical substances including pesticides, fungicides, drugs and metal ions influence metabolism at low concentrations by decreasing or increasing enzyme activities[6]
Summary
Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) is a zinc metalloenzymes, which regulates pH and CO2 levels in all living organisms[1,2]. CA plays an important role in ion transport and pH regulation in eye, kidney, central nervous system (CNS) and inner ear[4]. Some of them are persistent organic pollutants and contribute to soil and contamination. They are one of the considerable causes for plant pollution[5]. Pesticides and fungicides can interfere into rain water, irrigation water or river, plants and may be hazardous for specific enzymes. It is well known that enzymes catalyze almost all chemical reactions in the metabolism of the living systems, and many chemical substances including pesticides, fungicides, drugs and metal ions influence metabolism at low concentrations by decreasing or increasing enzyme activities[6]
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