Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase VI (CA6) catalyses the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide in saliva with possible pH regulation, taste perception, and tooth formation effects. This study assessed effects of variation in the CA6 gene on oral microbiota and specifically the acidophilic and caries-associated Streptococcus mutans in 17-year old Swedish adolescents (n = 154). Associations with caries status and secreted CA6 protein were also evaluated. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (27 SNPs in 5 haploblocks) and saliva and tooth biofilm microbiota from Illumina MiSeq 16S rDNA (V3-V4) sequencing and culturing were analysed. Haploblock 4 (rs10864376, rs3737665, rs12138897) CCC associated with low prevalence of S. mutans (OR (95% CI): 0.5 (0.3, 0.8)), and caries (OR 0.6 (0.3, 0.9)), whereas haploblock 4 TTG associated with high prevalence of S. mutans (OR: 2.7 (1.2, 5.9)) and caries (OR: 2.3 (1.2, 4.4)). The TTG-haploblock 4 (represented by rs12138897(G)) was characterized by S. mutans, Scardovia wiggsiae, Treponema sp. HOT268, Tannerella sp. HOT286, Veillonella gp.1 compared with the CCC-haploblock 4 (represented by rs12138897(C)). Secreted CA6 in saliva was weakly linked to CA6 gene variation. In conclusion, the results indicate that CA6 gene polymorphisms influence S. mutans colonization, tooth biofilm microbiota composition and risk of dental caries in Swedish adolescents.
Highlights
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and multisite haploblocks in the CA6 gene have been linked to CA6 concentration and activity in saliva and to caries status[13,14,15,16,17], but findings are not consistent[18]
Using next-generation sequencing (NGS), 75.3% of participants had detectable S. mutans, with significantly higher proportions among the caries-affected than caries-free subjects (p < 0.001; Table 1)
The median caries score (DeFS) was 2.0 tooth surfaces and 67% of participants were affected by caries (DeFS ≥ 1) and 33% were caries-free (DeFS = 0) (Table 1)
Summary
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and multisite haploblocks in the CA6 gene have been linked to CA6 concentration and activity in saliva and to caries status[13,14,15,16,17], but findings are not consistent[18]. No study has confirmed the association between CA6 in saliva and S. mutans colonization in humans and no study has investigated CA6 polymorphism and levels of caries associated bacteria or overall oral microbiota. (10, 90 percentiles) and group differences were tested with Mann Whitney U test. Differences between group numbers (presented as %) were tested with Chi[2] or Fisher’s exact test. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of genetic variation in the CA6 gene region on oral microbiota and the acidophilic and caries-associated S. mutans in Swedish adolescents. Secondary aims were to evaluate associations between variation in the CA6 gene region and secreted CA6 protein and caries status
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