Abstract
A brief summary of selected pioneering and mechanistic contributions in the field of carbon-carbon cross-coupling reactions with palladium nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) in ionic liquids (ILs) is presented. Five exemplary model systems using the Pd-NPs/ILs approach are presented: Heck, Suzuki, Stille, Sonogashira and Ullmann reactions which all have in common the use of ionic liquids as reaction media and the use of palladium nanoparticles as reservoir for the catalytically active palladium species.
Highlights
Since their discovery palladium-based cross-coupling reactions have been among the most investigated transition-metal catalysed C-C coupling reactions of the last decades [1,2,3,4,5]
The present review describes the application of Pd nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) in ionic liquids (ILs) as catalyst reservoirs for molecular palladium species in carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions
It should be pointed out that the catalytic activity of Pd-NPs is related to their stability and this often depends on the preparative procedure used and Pd-NPs may form large aggregates, with smaller surface and lower activity
Summary
Since their discovery palladium-based cross-coupling reactions have been among the most investigated transition-metal catalysed C-C coupling reactions of the last decades [1,2,3,4,5]. The procedures involve Pd complexes with phosphines, carbenes and palladacycles, as well as palladium salts and ligand-free approaches, where palladium(0) species act as the catalytically active species [6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. Pd(II) or Pd(0) catalyst sources [13,14] This indication allows, at least in the case of ligandfree palladium precursors, the involvement of soluble Pd nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) as a reservoir of Molecules 2010, 15 catalytically active species [15,16,17]. The present review describes the application of Pd-NPs in ILs as catalyst reservoirs for molecular palladium species in carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions. The IL forms a protective layer to avoid oxidation of the sensitive and highly catalytically active metal surface [14]. ILs are suitable for multiphase catalysis systems to immobilise the catalyst and facilitate the separation of the organic layer containing the product [14]
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