Carbon–carbon bond formation via oxidative-addition processes of titanium(II) reagents with π-bonded organic substrates. Reactivity modifications by Lewis acids and Lewis bases: Part 22. Organic chemistry of subvalent transition metal complexes

Abstract

A series of titanium(II) derivatives, TiE 2, was prepared by alkylative reduction of TiE 4 by two equivalents of n-butyllithium in THF at −78 to 25°C (E=Cl, F, OBu n , OPr i and 0.5 NPh–CH 2–CH 2–NPh). The LiE by-product could usually be removed by THF evaporation and dissolution of the TiE 2 into toluene. All such TiE 2 derivatives were shown to effect the epimetallation and oligomerization of olefins, acetylenes and carbonyl derivatives in varying degrees. Particularly pertinent were the isolation and chemical reactions of titanium(II) isoproxide, the postulated intermediate in the Kulinkovich synthesis of cyclopropanols from ethyl Grignard reagents and organic esters, as well as an intermediate in many allied reactions developed by the Sato group. The findings of the present study corroborate completely the foregoing hypothesis that titanium(II) isopropoxide is the key intermediate in such novel reactions in organic synthesis. Furthermore, Ti(OPr i ) 2 can be prepared readily in a relatively pure state and has been found to react with 1-alkenes, alkynes and ketones by epimetallation at 25°C to form three-membered titanacycles, which can be utilized in organic synthesis. Finally, the ease with which such TiE 2 derivatives epimetallate unsaturated organic substrates has been shown to be decreased by the steric demands of E and by the coordination of Lewis bases or donor solvent to the titanium(II) center. Lewis acids, on the other hand, greatly increase the rate of epimetallation by TiE 2. A dramatic illustration of this effect is in the action of TiCl 2·Me 2AlCl on unsaturated hydrocarbons, wherein the polymerization of ethylene and of 1-alkene and the cyclotrimerization of alkynes are found to occur at room temperature.