Abstract
Carbonate hydroxyapatite (CHAP) was successfully used as a catalyst for direct ethanol conversion into hydrocarbon fuels in a single-step gas-phase reaction. The CHAP was synthesized by chemical precipitation method in basic media using an alkali-free system. After heat treatments, it was widely characterized by XRF, XRD, FTIR, XPS, pyridine-TPD, CO2 chemisorption, and N2 adsorption at −196°C. The physical-chemical analysis indicates the formation of B-type CHAP and the presence of acid and basic surface sites being able to act as a bifunctional catalyst. Under optimum conditions of reaction temperature (500°C) and modified residence time W/FEthanol (40ghmol−1), the ethanol conversion showed a high yield (≈97%) to a mixture of non-oxygenated and oxygenated hydrocarbon fuels with carbon chain lengths in the range from C4 to C18+. After condensation of the reaction products an oily and one aqueous phases were obtained. The net calorific value (NCV) of the oily phase (≈41.3MJkg−1) was close to those found in conventional fossil fuels.
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