Abstract
BackgroundSeveral independent lines of evidence suggest that Amazon forests have provided a significant carbon sink service, and also that the Amazon carbon sink in intact, mature forests may now be threatened as a result of different processes. There has however been no work done to quantify non-land-use-change forest carbon fluxes on a national basis within Amazonia, or to place these national fluxes and their possible changes in the context of the major anthropogenic carbon fluxes in the region. Here we present a first attempt to interpret results from ground-based monitoring of mature forest carbon fluxes in a biogeographically, politically, and temporally differentiated way. Specifically, using results from a large long-term network of forest plots, we estimate the Amazon biomass carbon balance over the last three decades for the different regions and nine nations of Amazonia, and evaluate the magnitude and trajectory of these differentiated balances in relation to major national anthropogenic carbon emissions.ResultsThe sink of carbon into mature forests has been remarkably geographically ubiquitous across Amazonia, being substantial and persistent in each of the five biogeographic regions within Amazonia. Between 1980 and 2010, it has more than mitigated the fossil fuel emissions of every single national economy, except that of Venezuela. For most nations (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname) the sink has probably additionally mitigated all anthropogenic carbon emissions due to Amazon deforestation and other land use change. While the sink has weakened in some regions since 2000, our analysis suggests that Amazon nations which are able to conserve large areas of natural and semi-natural landscape still contribute globally-significant carbon sequestration.ConclusionsMature forests across all of Amazonia have contributed significantly to mitigating climate change for decades. Yet Amazon nations have not directly benefited from providing this global scale ecosystem service. We suggest that better monitoring and reporting of the carbon fluxes within mature forests, and understanding the drivers of changes in their balance, must become national, as well as international, priorities.
Highlights
Several independent lines of evidence suggest that Amazon forests have provided a significant carbon sink service, and that the Amazon carbon sink in intact, mature forests may be threatened as a result of different processes
The results suggest that, at least since 1980, the average annual carbon sink into mature forests of the Amazon nations has been at least twice the magnitude of carbon emissions from the same nations’ burning of fossil fuels
Since our PRODES-based deforestation-related carbon emission estimate exceeded by one fifth a comparable estimate derived from Global Forest Watch, it is possible our anthropogenic CO2 emissions estimation methodology may over-estimate the deforestation source, further supporting the conclusion that natural forest sinks in Amazon have compensated for anthropogenic emissions
Summary
Several independent lines of evidence suggest that Amazon forests have provided a significant carbon sink service, and that the Amazon carbon sink in intact, mature forests may be threatened as a result of different processes. Using results from a large long-term network of forest plots, we estimate the Amazon biomass carbon balance over the last three decades for the different regions and nine nations of Amazonia, and evaluate the magnitude and trajectory of these differentiated balances in relation to major national anthropogenic carbon emissions. The terrestrial sink exhibits substantial inter-annual variation, which is largely driven by variations in temperature and Phillips and Brienen Carbon Balance Manage (2017) 12:1 moisture in the tropics [e.g., 56, 57]. Both the large long-term terrestrial sink and its strong interannual variation indicate potentially critical roles for the planet’s most productive terrestrial ecosystems to modify and respond to anthropogenic climate change. Satellitebased assessment of deforestation and fire confirm large but spatially and temporally very variable emissions from the loss of biomass [e.g., 5, 30, 53]
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