Carbon Paper Modified with Functionalized Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) Graphene and Gold Phytonanoparticles as a Promising Sensing Material: Characterization and Electroanalysis of Ponceau 4R in Food Samples

Abstract

This paper presents a novel eco-friendly sensing material based on carbon paper (CP) volumetrically modified with a composite nanomodifier that includes functionalized poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) graphene (PDDA-G) and phytosynthesized gold nanoparticles (phyto-AuNPs). The functionalization of graphene was justified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The phyto-AuNPs (d = 6 nm) were prepared by "green" synthesis with the use of strawberry leaf extract. The sensing material was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and voltammetry. The research results indicated a more than double increase in the electroactive surface area; a decrease in the resistance of electron transfer on nanocomposite-modified CP, compared to bare CP. The phyto-AuNPs/PDDA-G/CP was used for the electrosensing of the synthetic dye Ponceau 4R. The oxidation signal of colorant enhanced 4-fold on phyto-AuNPs/PDDA-G/CP in comparison to CP. The effect of the quantity of nanomodifier, solution pH, potential scan rate, accumulation parameters, and differential pulse parameters on the peak current of Ponceau 4R was studied. Under optimal conditions, excellent sensory characteristics were established: LOD 0.6 nM and LR 0.001-2 μM for Ponceau 4R. High selectivity and sensitivity enable the use of the sensor for analyzing the content of Ponceau 4R in food products (soft drinks, candies, and popsicles) without additional sample preparation.