Carbon–oxygen ultra-massive white dwarfs in general relativity

Abstract

ABSTRACT We employ the La Plata stellar evolution code, lpcode, to compute the first set of constant rest-mass carbon–oxygen ultra-massive white dwarf evolutionary sequences for masses higher than 1.29 M⊙ that fully take into account the effects of general relativity on their structural and evolutionary properties. In addition, we employ the lp-pul pulsation code to compute adiabatic g-mode Newtonian pulsations on our fully relativistic equilibrium white dwarf models. We find that carbon–oxygen white dwarfs more massive than 1.382 M⊙ become gravitationally unstable with respect to general relativity effects, being this limit higher than the 1.369 M⊙ we found for oxygen–neon white dwarfs. As the stellar mass approaches the limiting mass value, the stellar radius becomes substantially smaller compared with the Newtonian models. Also, the thermo-mechanical and evolutionary properties of the most massive white dwarfs are strongly affected by general relativity effects. We also provide magnitudes for our cooling sequences in different passbands. Finally, we explore for the first time the pulsational properties of relativistic ultra-massive white dwarfs and find that the period spacings and oscillation kinetic energies are strongly affected in the case of most massive white dwarfs. We conclude that the general relativity effects should be taken into account for an accurate assessment of the structural, evolutionary, and pulsational properties of white dwarfs with masses above ∼1.30 M⊙.