Abstract
The various forms of carbon nanostructures are providing extraordinary new opportunities that can revolutionize the way gas sensors, electrochemical sensors and biosensors are engineered. The great potential of carbon nanostructures as a sensing platform is exciting due to their unique electrical and chemical properties, highly scalable, biocompatible and particularly interesting due to the almost infinite possibility of functionalization with a wide variety of inorganic nanostructured materials and biomolecules. This opens a whole new pallet of specificity into sensors that can be extremely sensitive, durable and that can be incorporated into the ongoing new generation of wearable technology. Within this context, carbon-based nanostructures are amongst the most promising structures to be incorporated in a multi-functional platform for sensing. The present review discusses the various 1D, 2D and 3D carbon nanostructure forms incorporated into different sensor types as well as the novel functionalization approaches that allow such multi-functionality.
Highlights
Carbon can present itself in many different natural and artificial allotropes [1,2,3,4]
The results show the promising ability of graphene foam to detect a wide spectrum of molecules combined with algorithms to identify specific compounds or contaminants
Unlike other materials purely based on metals or metal oxides, carbon nanostructures have a higher compatibility with polymers, which allows the formation of composites that present a better sensitivity, and opens up the field of flexible electronics and allow the design of a wide range of wearables that can constantly monitor the surrounding conditions and health of individuals
Summary
Carbon can present itself in many different natural and artificial allotropes [1,2,3,4]. Carbon nanostructures pursue all the ideal properties well as high low costs and compact sizes to be incorporated in wearable devices Such as high surface area and can be functionalized. A key attention to the realization of sensors in general is directed to the integration of the sensors and recognition elements with the electronic which can be classified into manyand different types, photoelectrochemical sensors [32] In this elements, way, the detection of chemical biological targets is such as amperometric sensors, electrochemical impedance sensors, luminescence sensors and done by measuring electrochemical changes of the electrode that interacts with the analyte [33]. Due to their very good electrical properties, possibility to functionalize their sp backbone and large surface area (higher than graphite) [46,47], making them an interesting active material in sensing devices
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