Abstract
Based on statistics from the National Cancer Institute in the US, the rate of new cases of cancer is 442.4 per 100,000 men and women per year, and more than one-third do not survive the disease. Cancer diagnosis and treatment are the most important challenges in modern medicine. The majority of cancer cases are diagnosed at an early stage. However, the possibility of simultaneous diagnosis and application of therapy (theranostics) will allow for acceleration and effectiveness of treatment. Conventional chemotherapy is not effective in reducing the chemoresistance and progression of various types of cancer. In addition, it causes side effects, which are mainly a result of incorrect drug distribution. Hence, new therapies are being explored as well as new drug delivery strategies. In this regard, nanotechnology has shown promise in the targeted delivery of therapeutics to cancer cells. This review looks at the latest advances in drug delivery-based diagnosis and therapy. Drug delivery nanosystems made of various types of carbon (graphene, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes) are discussed. Their chemical properties, advantages, and disadvantages are explored, and these systems are compared with each other.
Highlights
Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Abstract: Based on statistics from the National Cancer Institute in the US, the rate of new cases of cancer is 442.4 per 100,000 men and women per year, and more than one-third do not survive the disease
In the complex folic acid (FA)–nanoscale graphene oxide (NGO)/CPT/DOX system, which is of practical importance for the clinical use of nanocarriers loaded with many drugs
There is no single mechanism for cellular uptake of Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) but rather three different mechanisms that can each predominate depending on several factors
Summary
Graphene was properly isolated in 2004 by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselelov at the University of Manchester. They pulled graphene layers from graphite with a common adhesive tape in a process called either micromechanical cleavage or the Scotch tape technique. Wallace first explored the theory of graphene as a starting point for understanding the electronic properties of graphite [16]. The interesting physical properties of graphene, a novel one-atom-thick two-dimensional graphitic carbon system, have led to much excitement in recent years in material science and condensed matter physics. Due to its ultrahigh surface area that is four magnitudes higher than the surface of any other nanomaterials explored for nanomedicine and easy functionalization, graphene has been intensively explored for drug and gene delivery [17]
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