Abstract
In present work, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) are investigated as potential carriers of 68Ga, which is widely used in positron emission tomography (PET) in nuclear medicine. Sorption behavior of 68Ga was studied onto CNMs of various structures and chemical compositions: nanodiamonds (ND), reduced graphite oxide (rGiO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), as well as their oxidized (ND–COOH) or reduced (rGiO–H, MWCNT–H) forms. The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were determined by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and potentiometric titration. The content of 68Ga in the solutions during the study of sorption was determined by gamma-ray spectrometry. The highest degree of 68Ga sorption was observed on ND and ND–COOH samples, and the optimal sorption conditions were determined: an aqueous solution with a pH of 5–7, m/V ratio of 50 μg/mL and a room temperature (25 °C). The 68Ga@ND and 68Ga@ND–COOH conjugates were found to be stable in a model blood solution—phosphate-buffered saline with a pH of 7.3, containing 40 g/L of bovine serum albumin: 68Ga desorption from these samples in 90 minutes was no more than 20% at 25 °C and up to 30% at 37 °C. Such a quantity of desorbed 68Ga does not harm the body and does not interfere with the PET imaging process. Thus, ND and ND–COOH are promising CNMs for using as carriers of 68Ga for PET diagnostics.
Highlights
Nowadays, nanomaterials, including carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), are considered as promising carriers of bonded with them radionuclides for nuclear medicine, including positron emission tomography (PET) diagnostic, due to their physicochemical properties
The sorption of 68Ga onto ND, ND–COOH, reduced graphite oxide (rGiO), rGiO–H, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and MWCNT–H was studied in present work, as well as the stability of the obtained conjugates in model biologic media
It was found that for ND and ND–COOH particles, sorption equilibrium is reached in 5 min and the degree of sorption of 68Ga is about 85 and not less than 95%, respectively
Summary
Nanomaterials, including carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), are considered as promising carriers of bonded with them radionuclides for nuclear medicine, including positron emission tomography (PET) diagnostic, due to their physicochemical properties. Size of CNMs allow targeted delivery of radionuclides to the affected organ or tissue, penetrate and selectively accumulate in the tumor at much higher concentrations than in the surrounding healthy tissue [4,5], and be retained due to the abnormally developed capillary network and slow outflow from the lymphatic system. For targeted delivery of various nuclear medicine radionuclides in general [12,13,14,15,16,17,18] and of PET radionuclides in particular [19,20], such promising CNMs as nanodiamond (ND), graphene oxide, its derivatives and carbon nanotubes, are considered as carriers. As an example of researches of CNMs using in PET, one can distinguish ND as carrier of widely used PET radionuclide 18F [19] or single-walled carbon nanotubes, which were found to be an effective carriers for perspective PET radionuclide 89Zr [20]
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