Abstract
Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) exhibit great potentials in the fields of materials science, biomedicine, tissue engineering, catalysis, energy, environmental science, and analytical science due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Usually, CNFs with flat, mesoporous, and porous surfaces can be synthesized by chemical vapor deposition and electrospinning techniques with subsequent chemical treatment. Meanwhile, the surfaces of CNFs are easy to modify with various materials to extend the applications of CNF-based hybrid nanomaterials in multiple fields. In this review, we focus on the design, synthesis, and sensor applications of CNF-based functional nanomaterials. The fabrication strategies of CNF-based functional nanomaterials by adding metallic nanoparticles (NPs), metal oxide NPs, alloy, silica, polymers, and others into CNFs are introduced and discussed. In addition, the sensor applications of CNF-based nanomaterials for detecting gas, strain, pressure, small molecule, and biomacromolecules are demonstrated in detail. This work will be beneficial for the readers to understand the strategies for fabricating various CNF-based nanomaterials, and explore new applications in energy, catalysis, and environmental science.
Highlights
With the development of nanotechnology and material science, many kinds of zero-dimensional (0D) to three-dimensional (3D) materials have been created for sensor applications [1,2,3,4,5], in which the one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials exhibited promising potential [6]
The diameters of Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are usually less than 100 nm, while the diameter of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) is in the range of 10 to Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1045; doi:10.3390/nano9071045
The spraying method is to mix the catalyst in a liquid organic substance such as benzene, and spray the mixed solution containing the catalyst into a high temperature reaction chamber to prepare CNFs
Summary
With the development of nanotechnology and material science, many kinds of zero-dimensional (0D) to three-dimensional (3D) materials have been created for sensor applications [1,2,3,4,5], in which the one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials exhibited promising potential [6]. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as one of the widely used 1D nanomaterials, have been previously utilized for the fabrication of various high-performance sensors and biosensors due to the unique mechanical, electrical, and magnetic properties of CNTs [9,10]. Besides CNTs, carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have been widely studied due to their unique chemical and physical properties and similar structure to fullerenes and CNTs [11,12]. CNTs are hollow with a graphite layer parallel to the axis of the inner tube. The graphite layers of CNFs often form an angle with the axis of the inner tube, and the interior thereof may be hollow or solid. IInn tthheesseeccoonnddppaartr,t,wweeinitnrtordoudcuecdedthtehseysnythnethsiesssistrsattreagtieegsioesf CoNf CFNs vFisa vchiaemchiecaml ivcaapl ovradpeoprodseitpioonsitainodn ealnedctreolescptirnonsipnignnteinchgntieqcuhensi,qauneds,inantdheinthtihred tphairrdt wpeardtewmeodnestmraotnedstrthateeddetshigendaesnidgnsyanntdhessyisntohfeCsiNs Fo-f bCaNseFd-bnaasneodmnaatneorimalastebryiatlhsebfyunthcetiofunnaclitzioatniaolnizoaftipounreofCpNuFres CwNithFsmweittahllimc entaanlloicpanratnicolepsar(NticPles)s, (mNePtsa)l, omxeidtael NoxPisd, ealNloPysN, aPlsl,osyiliNcaP,sa, nsdilipcao,lyamndersp.oIlnymtheerfso.urInthtphaertf,otuhrethsepnasrotr, athpeplsiceantsioornsapofpClicNaFti-obnasseodf nCaNnFo-mbaasteerdianlasntoowmaartdersiaglasst,oswtraairnd,spgraess,ssutrrea,insm, parlelsmsuorlee,csumleasl,lamndolbeicoumleasc, raonmdoblieocmulaecsraormeoinletcruodleuscaerde ainntdroddiusccuesdseadn.dFdinisaclulys,stehde.
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