Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most powerful tool for deep penetration and high-quality 3D imaging of tissues with anatomical details. However, the sensitivity of the MRI technique is not as good as that of the radioactive or optical imaging methods. Carbon-based nanomaterials have attracted significant attention in biomaterial research in recent decades due to their unique physical properties, versatile functionalization chemistry, as well as excellent biological compatibility. Researchers have employed various carbon nano-allotropes to develop hybrid MRI contrast agents for improved sensitivity. This review summarizes the new research progresses in carbon-based hybrid MRI contrast agents, especially those reported in the past five years. The review will only focus on T2-weighted MRI agents and will be categorized by the different carbon allotrope types and magnetic components. Considering the strong trend in recent bio-nanotechnology research towards multifunctional diagnosis and therapy, carbon-based MRI contrast agents integrated with other imaging modalities or therapeutic functions are also covered.
Highlights
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most powerful tool for deep penetration and high-quality 3D imaging of tissues with anatomical details
Torti et al explored the dose effect of the magnetic catalyst and found that the in vivo r2 relaxivity of the as-grown multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) increased with the mass content of the catalyst within the studied range, which maximized at 2.92% Fe [46]
MWNTs-bearing catalyst residues could be used as T2-weighted MRI contrast agents (CAs), further coordinating paramagnetic Fe3+ ions on MWNTs pre-grafted with aminophenol ligands would enhance, or even triple, the r2 relativity, making the hybrid agents comparable to the commercial products [53]
Summary
T2-transverse relaxations, where T1 is the time constant for rotated hydrogen nuclei to re-align with the main external magnetic field, and T2 is the time constant for them to lose the phase coherence caused by the second RF energy. Agents for molecular imaging magneticdots nanomaterials or nanoparticles (MNPs) for [5,6]theranostic for cancer for cancer therapy, as well as[3], quantum (QDs) and[4], carbon nanotubes (CNTs) therapy, as well quantum dots (QDs)describes and carbonthe nanotubes for theranostic applications [7], applications [7],aswhere ‘theranostic’. Optothermal as well as good biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity containing magnetic components and components various carbon such as CNTs [16]. Hybrid materials containing magnetic and nano-allotropes, various carbon nano-allotropes, suchand as nanodiamonds have shown outstanding in drug delivery, hyperthermic. Nanodiamonds [17] have performances shown outstanding performances in druganti-cancer delivery, therapy, and anti-cancer magnetic resonance imaging [18]. We have developed a Y-shaped synthetic apeptide with the capability of targeting the tumor-associated recently designed and developed.
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