Abstract
Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is taking the lead as a means for mitigating climate change. It is considered a crucial bridging technology, enabling carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuels to be reduced while the energy transition to renewable sources is taking place. CCS includes a portfolio of technologies that can possibly capture vast amounts of CO2 per year. Mineral carbonation is evolving as a possible candidate to sequester CO2 from medium-sized emissions point sources. It is the only recognized form of permanent CO2 storage with no concerns regarding CO2 leakage. It is based on the principles of natural rock weathering, where the CO2 dissolved in rainwater reacts with alkaline rocks to form carbonate minerals. The active alkaline elements (Ca/Mg) are the fundamental reactants for mineral carbonation reaction. Although the reaction is thermodynamically favored, it takes place over a large time scale. The challenge of mineral carbonation is to offset this limitation by accelerating the carbonation reaction with minimal energy and feedstock consumption. Calcium and magnesium silicates are generally selected for carbonation due to their abundance in nature. Industrial waste residues emerge as an alternative source of carbonation minerals that have higher reactivity than natural minerals; they are also inexpensive and readily available in proximity to CO2 emitters. In addition, the environmental stability of the industrial waste is often enhanced as they undergo carbonation. Recently, direct mineral carbonation has been investigated significantly due to its applicability to CO2 capture and storage. This review outlines the main research work carried out over the last few years on direct mineral carbonation process utilizing steel-making waste, with emphasis on recent research achievements and potentials for future research.
Highlights
Fossil fuels are used as the main source of energy globally, and they supply over 80% of the world energy demand [1]
The results indicate that when L/S is increased from 5 to 10 g/g, the carbonation degree of steel slag increases
Carbon capture and sequestration can be achieved through different techniques that have the potential to capture substantial amounts of CO2 and help reduce its emissions
Summary
Fossil fuels are used as the main source of energy globally, and they supply over 80% of the world energy demand [1]. Fossil fuels are expected to remain the most used energy source for years to come This is due to the ever-increasing demand for energy created by the thriving economies around the globe. (including coal, oil, and natural gas), release more CO2 into the atmosphere This leads to increases in the earth temperature and in turn causes global warming. Mineral carbonation is one of few technologies that work as both capture and storage technologies [8]. It is based on the principles of natural rock weathering, where the CO2 dissolved in rainwater reacts with alkaline rocks to form carbonate minerals.
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