Abstract

Carbon is essential material in phosphoric acid fuel cells for high-efficiency co-generation and advanced batteries for load levelling.In this review article, the principles and features of these cells and batteries are described first in relation with their advantages and applicabilities in electric utilities.Secondly, R, D & D programs of these cells and batteries in Japan and foreign countries are explained.Finally, the carbon materials used in the fuel cells and the advanced batteries, such as sodium sulfur batteries, zinc halogen batteries and redox flow cells, are described, especially their role, characteristics and requirements.

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