Abstract
Given the problem of climate change and the requirements laid down by the European Union in the field of gradual decarbonization of production, it is necessary to implement solutions of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into agricultural practice. This research paper aimed to evaluate the carbon footprint and life-cycle costs of grain maize production in various tillage systems. The material for the analyses was data from 2015–2017 collected on 15 farms located in the Wielkopolska region (Poland) and growing maize for grain in three tillage systems: conventional, reduced, and no-tillage. The life-cycle assessment and life-cycle costing methodologies were applied to assess the GHG emissions and costs associated with the grain maize production in the stages from “cradle-to-farm gate”, i.e., from obtaining raw materials and producing means for agricultural production, through the processes of maize cultivation to grain harvesting. The calculated values of the carbon footprint indicator for maize production in conventional, reduced, and no-tillage systems were 2347.4, 2353.4, and 1868.7 CO2 eq. ha−1, respectively. The largest source of GHG emissions was the use of nitrogen fertilizers. Non-inversion tillage with cover crops and leaving a large amount of crop residues in the field increased the sequestration of organic carbon and contributed to a significant reduction of the carbon footprint in maize production. The conventional tillage system demonstrated the highest overall life-cycle costs per hectare.
Highlights
The use of specialized machinery, mineral fertilizers, and plant protection products allows for intensive production and high yields in various tillage systems but can have a negative impact on the environment
In the life-cycle inventory (LCI) phase, as part of the life-cycle assessment (LCA) and life-cycle costing (LCC) studies, inventory tables were created for grain maize production for each of the studied tillage systems (Table 2)
Our studies showed that the carbon footprint (CF) per functional unit of one ton of grain amounted to 184.8 kg CO2 eq in conventional tillage (CT), 189.8 kg CO2 eq in reduced tillage (RT) and 178.0 kg CO2 eq in NT
Summary
The use of specialized machinery, mineral fertilizers, and plant protection products allows for intensive production and high yields in various tillage systems but can have a negative impact on the environment. Using industrial means of agricultural production contributes to the consumption of non-renewable resources and the release of harmful substances to water, soil, and air [1,2]. Agriculture’s contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, such as release of nitrous oxide (N2 O), methane (CH4 ), and carbon dioxide (CO2 ), amounts to an average of 9.8% of total GHG emission in countries of the European Union (EU) [3]. GHG emission from agriculture [4]. In the European Council conclusions of 2014, it was assumed that by 2030, in the EU sectors not covered by the EU Emissions Trading System (the so-called non-ETS) such as Agronomy 2020, 10, 1877; doi:10.3390/agronomy10121877 www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy
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