Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 and CO 2 e) concentration in the atmosphere steadily increases and, in some places, has passed 360ppm, which is the limiting point agreed by world leaders to slow down and stop global warming. Housing sectors have been claimed to emit significant amounts of CO 2 . This paper reports a research on the carbon footprint of a T-45 house in Kupang. The research calculated in detail the carbon emission of the house since its pre-construction stage (design process), construction stage, to the post-construction stage (house operation from year one to year 25). The T-45 house was selected as this type is the smallest standard house for a family of three in Indonesia. Literature, survey and analytical methods were adopted. The research found that the longer the house was used, the lower the carbon emission borne by each occupant per year. From year one to year 25, the total carbon emission borne by each occupant decreased from 3,590,793.44 to 145,568.38 kgCO 2 per year. The construction stage emits a considerable amount of CO 2 so that its carbon footprint still dominates the proportion of carbon emission per year per occupant, 98.61%. In the construction stage, use of cement in the wall and concrete structure works contributes the largest proportion of carbon emission, 96.7%. Therefore, using locally available construction materials, in particular, natural ones with less or zero carbon emission, is highly recommended.
Highlights
Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world with more than 255 million inhabitants
This paper reports the analysis of the carbon footprint of T-45 house in Kupang, Timor
The results of the calculations were mapped to find the proportion of carbon emission based on the pre-construction, construction and post-construction stages
Summary
Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world with more than 255 million inhabitants (by 2015). Demand for housing, as a basic need, increases steadily, which occasions a rise in their prices. The Indonesian government should provide affordable housing for its diverse people to ensure their prosperity and humane standards of living (MPPWRI, 2002). The size of Indonesia’s middle class is growing fast and will reach 60% of the population in 2016. New couples and families of three usually start in compact or small size housing from 45m2 to 70m2. Up to the year 2025, 30 million houses would be needed (1.2 million houses annually)
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