Carbon fluxes associated with fog in an elfin cloud forest in Anaga (Tenerife, Canary Islands)

Abstract

The role of fog in the relict laurel forests of the Macaronesia is still not fully understood and it is even more relevant in the Canary Islands, where precipitations are rather scarce and summers are dry. Eddy covariance CO2 exchange (FCO2) measurements in a “brezal de tejo” elfin cloud forest in Tenerife (Canary Islands), over a four-weeks period during the wet season, showed that the vegetation can sustain a carbon assimilation rate in an environment of fog, leading to higher median water use efficiency values (19.5 μmol mg−1 ≤ WUE ≤ 68.3 μmol mg−1) than during no-fog periods (WUE = 1.8 μmol mg−1), being highest under thick fog (WUE = 68.3 μmol mg−1). Median FCO2 values across the day were slightly greater under foggy versus no-fog conditions during the study period. These increments were more prominent under a low light environment, especially in the morning, thus highlighting the important difference between cloud immersion versus high clouds. A greater proportion of light diffusivity due to fog may enhance carbon assimilation, although additional concomitant factors may intervene during thick fog conditions. Also, net carbon assimilation was initiated earlier under foggy conditions. During cloud immersion and depleted light, the maximal CO2 exchange, FCO2_max, diurnal values were higher than those observed when fog was absent. Additionally, FCO2_max remained high (FCO2_max ≈ 13 μmol m−2 s−1) for large vapour pressure deficit conditions (VPD > 0.6 kPa). All this is indicative of a profligate water use strategy of the vegetation, presumably due to low stomatal control. Fog was present during 36.9 % of the time and, as a consequence, the estimated mean daily settling flux of water droplets was 1.186 mg m−2 s−1. For the entire period measured, the cumulative settling flux was 1.30 mm compared to the 97.6 mm of rainfall and the 36.6 mm of throughfall, and the canopy was wet at least 33.3 % of the time. The results suggest that such an anisohydric behaviour of the vegetation permits a continuous growth with maximal water use efficiency, while the frequent presence of fog and wetting of the canopy would minimize the risk of cavitation associated with such non-conservative water use response.