Carbon dioxide reduction utilizing a bismuth halide perovskite as immobilized photocatalyst in a 3D printed microreactor

Abstract

The rising concerns about CO2 levels in the atmosphere and energy dependency on non-renewable sources, such as fossil fuels, could find an integral solution in CO2 photocatalytic reduction. The present work explores two alternatives to the main hindering factors for this reaction, i.e. the reactor configuration and the photocatalyst utilized. A microreactor was designed and 3D printed, providing a cheap and versatile reaction platform. Three bismuth halide perovskites, Cs3Bi2Cl9, Cs3Bi2I9, and Cs4MnBi2Cl12, were synthesized and characterized by their band gaps (Eg ); Cs3Bi2I9 presented the lowest Eg and was therefore chosen for further evaluation as potential CO2-reduction photocatalyst. Aqueous-phase photocatalytic CO2 reduction was achieved using this perovskite in the microreactor, obtaining CO as a reduction product with maximal production rates of 737 μmol gcat −1 h−1. The reaction system was evaluated under different flow rates and light intensities. A balance between space-time and reactant feed was found to define the behavior of CO concentration and production in the microreactor. For the light intensity, it was observed that as it increased, both CO production and concentration increased due to generating more electron–hole pairs, favoring the photocatalytic reaction. With these results, Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite immobilized in the designed microreactor demonstrates having great potential as an effective CO2 photocatalytic reduction system.