Carbon dioxide plasma treated PVDF electrospun membrane for the removal of crystal violet dyes and iron oxide nanoparticles from water

Abstract

Here we reported a reactive plasma treatment of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) electrospun membrane by using carbon dioxide (CO2) plasma in order to reduce the hydrophobicity of the PVDF membrane and thereby used to remove toxic crystal violet dye (CV) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles from water. The demonstrated plasma treated PVDF electrospun membrane showed a decrement in the hydrophobicity after plasma treatment. Most of the microfiltration membranes based on PVDF were fabricated via phase inversion technique and solvent casting. The main drawback of these methods is that to obtain membranes with uniform pore size. Moreover, the membranes fabricated via phase inversion and solvent casting process have low surface area whereas in the membranes via electrospinning technique have interconnected pore structure with high surface area and uniform pore size. The contact angle of the neat PVDF electrospun membrane and plasma treated PVDF electrospun membrane were 141°and 102°respectively. FTIR studies revealed that, after CO2 plasma treatment, highly negative carboxylate (COO-) groups were formed on the surface of the PVDF electrospun membrane. With the 10 mg/L of crystal violet (CV) aqueous solution, the dye adsorption capacity was 1.368 mg/g of the membrane for neat PVDF membrane and 3.84 mg/g of the membrane for plasma treated PVDF membrane. It was found that, the CO2 plasma treated PVDF membrane had two- or three-times greater adsorption capacity then neat PVDF membrane against crystal violet dyes which was due to the strong electrostatic interaction between the highly negative carboxyl groups on the surface of plasma treated PVDF electrospun membrane and protonated CV dye. Both neat PVDF membrane and plasma treated PVDF membrane showed excellent filtration capacity against Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The demonstrated plasma treated PVDF membrane could successfully remove iron oxide nanoparticles and crystal violet dyes from water via size exclusion and adsorption mechanism respectively.