Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions related to spectator’s transportation to collegiate football events is a significant consideration in the overall carbon footprint of collegiate sporting events. Transportation mode affects CO2 emissions per spectator and stadium location, specifically on- and off-campus locations affect the transportation mode chosen by spectators. The quantity of CO2 emissions generated from spectators’ transportation to collegiate sporting events at an on-campus university stadium is compared to off-campus stadium. The transportation modes and miles traveled by spectators were modeled with GREET 2016 to estimate CO2 emissions. Significant differences were found between the two stadium locations regarding the spectators’ choice of transportation mode and distance traveled. Implications are presented for environmental sustainability and planning.
Highlights
The generation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to human activities is one of the leading causes of environmental degradation [1]
To better understand the environmental impact of transportation modes used by spectators, this study investigated the transportation mode differences between an on-campus collegiate football event and an off-campus collegiate football event
An independent t-test explored the differences in total CO2 emissions generated for both on-campus collegiate football event (on-CFE) and an off-campus collegiate football event (off-CFE) based only on the common transportation modes used by spectators in the two stadium locations; the results are illustrated in Table 5 and Figure 1
Summary
The generation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to human activities is one of the leading causes of environmental degradation [1]. Previous research corroborates that spectator’s choice of mode for traveling to sporting events has a significant negative impact on environmental sustainability [1,6,7]. To better understand the environmental impact of transportation modes used by spectators, this study investigated the transportation mode differences between an on-campus collegiate football event (on-CFE) and an off-campus collegiate football event (off-CFE) Analyzing these two different stadium locations provided clearer insight on how spectator’s transportation mode influenced CO2 emissions and if stadium location changes CO2 emissions per spectator and environmental sustainability. The following research questions guided the study: RQ1: How do CO2 emissions differ in an on-campus collegiate football event (on-CFE) (high-density area) versus an off-campus collegiate football event (off-CFE) (low-density area)?. RQ3: How do CO2 emissions by miles traveled groups differ in an on-CFE versus an off-CFE? If we assume equal capacity (90,000 spectators) for both stadiums, were there differences in CO2 emissions for an on-CFE versus an off-CFE?
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