Carbon-based materials and their composites as anodes: A review on lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

Nowadays, providing powerful and green energy sources is one of the main challenges for a cleaner environment. Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as effective energy storage devices, have gained lots of attention because of their relatively low self-discharge rate, high energy density, and rapid response. Since the efficiency of LIBs is significantly dependent on electrode materials; attention has been paid to the design of various electrodes.  carbon materials with their special structural, electrical, and mechanical properties are considered promising anode materials in LIBs. However, more research is still needed to identify suitable carbonaceous materials to improve the properties of anodes. In this regard, transition metals and silicon as high-capacity anodes can combine with carbon to develop LIBs. In this review, the employed carbonaceous materials and their composites as well as their outlook for LIB anodes have been investigated.