Abstract
Research Highlight: Forest disturbance by insects or disease can have a significant influence on nutrient return by litterfall and decomposition, but information regarding disturbance gradients is scarce. This study demonstrated that the disturbance intensity caused by pine wilt disease greatly altered the quality and quantity of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in litterfall components and decomposition processes. Background and Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the C and N status of litterfall and litter decomposition processes in a natural red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) stand disturbed by pine wilt disease in southern Korea. Nine red pine plots with varying degrees of disturbance caused by pine wilt disease were established based on differences in the stand basal area. Litterfall and the decomposition of needle litter and branches under different degrees of disturbance were measured for three years. Results: There was a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between disturbance intensity and the C and N concentration of litterfall components depending on the time of sampling. The annual C and N inputs through litterfall components decreased linearly with decreasing disturbance intensities. The decomposition rates of branches were higher in slightly disturbed plots compared with severely disturbed plots for the late stage of branch decomposition, whereas the decomposition rates of needle litter were not affected by the disturbance intensity of pine wilt disease. Carbon and N concentrations from needle litter and branches were not linearly related to the intensities of disturbance, except for the initial stage (one year) of needle litter decomposition. Conclusions: The results indicated that the incidence of pine wilt disease was a major cause of C and N loss through litterfall and decomposition processes in pine wilt disease disturbed stands, but the magnitude of loss depended on the severity of the disease disturbance.
Highlights
Litterfall inputs and decomposition are an important pathway for nutrient returns in forest ecosystems because significant amounts of organic matter and nutrients in the soil can be transferred by litterfall and litter decomposition processes [1]
The results indicated that the incidence of pine wilt disease was a major cause of C and
N loss through litterfall and decomposition processes in pine wilt disease disturbed stands, but the magnitude of loss depended on the severity of the disease disturbance
Summary
Litterfall inputs and decomposition are an important pathway for nutrient returns in forest ecosystems because significant amounts of organic matter and nutrients in the soil can be transferred by litterfall and litter decomposition processes [1]. Forest disturbance by epidemic outbreaks of insects or disease can have a significant influence on nutrient returns as the death or removal of damaged trees causes changes in biotic and abiotic factors [2,3,4]. Pine wilt disease and the associated management practices generate canopy caps and elevate light availability and temperature [12], which possibly stimulates the decomposition process on the forest floor [4,13]. They affect soil properties, such as water-holding capacity, and other influential factors affecting litter decomposition. Since information along the gradient of infection is scarce, it is difficult to evaluate the quantitative changes in nutrient inputs through litterfall and decomposition processes because of the spatial variation of infected pines in small-scale stands [12,15]
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