Capturing Size and Intensity Changes of Hurricanes Irma and Maria (2017) from Polar-Orbiting Satellite Microwave Radiometers

Abstract

Abstract A recently refined hurricane warm-core retrieval algorithm was applied to data from multiple polar-orbiting satellites that carry the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) to examine the diurnal variability of the warm cores of Hurricanes Irma and Maria. These hurricanes occurred during the 2017 hyperactive Atlantic hurricane season. Compared with data gathered by dropsondes within 100–1700 km of Hurricanes Irma and Harvey, the means and standard deviations of the differences between ATMS-derived and dropsonde-measured temperature profiles were less than 0.7 and 1 K, respectively, in the vertical layer between ~180 and 750 hPa. The temporal evolutions of the ATMS-derived and AMSU-A-derived maximum warm-core temperature anomalies followed more closely that of the minimum mean sea level pressure and slightly less closely that of the maximum sustained wind. The radii of the ATMS-derived warm cores at 4 and 6 K compared favorably with the 34- and 50-kt-wind radii, respectively, of Hurricane Irma (1 kt = 0.51 m s−1). The vertical extent of the warm core toward lower levels increased with increasing intensity when Hurricane Irma experienced a strong intensification because of an enhanced latent heat release associated with diabatic processes. The tropical cyclone (TC) inner cores at upper-tropospheric levels (~250 hPa) were characterized by a single-peaked diurnal cycle with a maximum around midnight. This warm-core cycle may be an important element of TC dynamics and may have relevance to TC structural and intensity changes.