Abstract
BackgroundIt is difficult to set up a balanced higher-order full-factorial experiment that can capture multiple intricate interactions between cognitive and psycholinguistic factors underlying bilingual speech production. To capture interactions more fully in one study, we analyzed object-naming reaction times (RTs) by using mixed-effects multiple regression.MethodsTen healthy bilinguals (median age: 23 years, seven females) were asked to name 131 colored pictures of common objects in each of their languages. RTs were analyzed based on language status, proficiency, word choice, word frequency, word duration, initial phoneme, time series, and participant’s gender.ResultsAmong five significant interactions, new findings include a facilitating effect of a cross-language shared initial phoneme (mean RT for shared phoneme: 974 ms vs. mean RT for different phoneme: 1020 ms), which profited males less (mean profit: 10 ms) than females (mean profit: 47 ms).ConclusionsOur data support language-independent phonological activation and a gender difference in inhibitory cognitive language control. Single word production process in healthy adult bilinguals is affected by interactions among cognitive, phonological, and semantic factors.
Highlights
It is difficult to set up a balanced higher-order full-factorial experiment that can capture multiple intricate interactions between cognitive and psycholinguistic factors underlying bilingual speech production
Participants and study design The entire data used was collected from twenty healthy volunteers, 10 of which were collected in the context of a study on cortical language representations investigated by navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation [27]
As shown by the model comparison (Table 2), the forward-model comparisons arrived at the final model that consisted of the by-participant random intercept, the by-picture random intercept, five fixed-effects factors, and three two-way interactions
Summary
It is difficult to set up a balanced higher-order full-factorial experiment that can capture multiple intricate interactions between cognitive and psycholinguistic factors underlying bilingual speech production. Bilinguals show behavior yet to be fully explained by the current models Compared to monolinguals, they possess a slower reaction time (RT) when confronted with an object-naming task, both in their first language (L1) and their second language (L2). A higher-level control system would depending on the task, inhibit all representations with the L1 or L2 mark respectively (resulting in effectively a L1- vs a L2-mode), allowing for the correct lexical route to be taken [11]. Because these language modes would hardly ever be used different levels of basal activation would result and make activation of one of the two languages more time-consuming
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