Capture of assay template by multiplex PCR of long amplicons for genotyping SNPs and InDels with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry

Abstract

Mis-priming associated with uncharacterised single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may lead to failure of PCR for genotyping. This is particularly troublesome in high-throughput SNP genotyping applications relying on multiplex PCR (2–40-plex) generating many short amplicons (80–120 bp) of similar size, an approach best suited for whole genome scans. However, if the target SNPs are clustered within a few target genes one option to ameliorate this is to increase the amplicon length, effectively reducing the potential for primer/template interactions and mis-priming. We tested this approach in a diverse population of 372 Eucalyptus pilularis individuals (π = 8.11 × 10−3, He = 0.75) using a modified Sequenom iPLEX gold assay. Four candidate genes (MYB1, MYB2, CAD and CCR) were amplified in a single long range multiplex capture PCR generating 6 long amplicons ranging in size from 907 to 2,225 bp. This contrasts with the standard approach which would have required the amplification of 98 short amplicons in 4 multiplex reactions. These 6 long amplicons provided the assay template for 98 assays (87 SNP and 11 InDel) within the 4 candidate genes. Reaction results indicated that longer amplicons could provide a suitable template for genotyping assays, with 90.8% of assays functional and 84.3% of assays suitable for downstream analysis. Additional advantages of this approach were the capacity for troubleshooting using gel electrophoresis and savings of 94% in capture primer synthesis costs. This approach will have the greatest relevance for candidate gene approaches for association testing in uncharacterised populations of organisms with high sequence diversity.