Abstract
Caprine brucellosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the gram-negative cocci-bacillus Brucella melitensis. Middle- to late-term abortion, stillbirths, and the delivery of weak offspring are the characteristic clinical signs of the disease that is associated with an extensive negative impact in a flock’s productivity. B. melitensis is also the most virulent Brucella species for humans, responsible for a severely debilitating and disabling illness that results in high morbidity with intermittent fever, chills, sweats, weakness, myalgia, abortion, osteoarticular complications, endocarditis, depression, anorexia, and low mortality. Historical observations indicate that goats have been the hosts of B. melitensis for centuries; but around 1905, the Greek physician Themistokles Zammit was able to build the epidemiological link between “Malta fever” and the consumption of goat milk. While the disease has been successfully managed in most industrialized countries, it remains a significant burden on goat and human health in the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, Central and Southeast Asia (including India and China), sub-Saharan Africa, and certain areas in Latin America, where approximately 3.5 billion people live at risk. In this review, we describe a historical evolution of the disease, highlight the current worldwide distribution, and estimate (by simple formula) the approximate costs of brucellosis outbreaks to meat- and milk-producing farms and the economic losses associated with the disease in humans. Successful control leading to eradication of caprine brucellosis in the developing world will require a coordinated Global One Health approach involving active involvement of human and animal health efforts to enhance public health and improve livestock productivity.
Highlights
Brucella melitensis is the etiological agent of caprine brucellosis, an infectious zoonotic disease with significant economic impact on both the livestock industry and public health
Caprine brucellosis has been controlled in most industrialized countries; this disease remains endemic in resource-limited settings, where small ruminants are the major livestock species and the main economical livelihood, such as the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, Central Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of Latin America [2]
Brucellosis in small ruminants remains a significant burden on animal and human health in the developing world
Summary
Human brucellosis is an ancient disease that has had different names throughout time based on the main clinical symptom (fever) and the geographical location: Malta fever, Mediterranean fever, Undulant fever, Gibraltar fever, Rock fever, and Neapolitan fever, among others. Retrospective studies have demonstrated that goats have been the hosts of B. melitensis for centuries, with evidence of its zoonotic potential early in evolution. August 17, 2017 domestication of goats (and sheep), the incidence of human brucellosis has been on the rise, becoming endemic in resource-limited settings. Millions of goats and approximately half of the human population worldwide live at risk. More effective prevention and control measures, such as affordable vaccines, more sensitive and specific diagnostic techniques, and the control livestock movement, among others, are desperately needed to control and eradicate brucellosis in goats and to prevent human brucellosis
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