Capillary electrophoresis with field-amplified sample stacking for simultaneous determination of indacaterol and glycopyrronium in inhaler capsules: Application to human plasma and urine

Abstract

A sensitive, simple and rapid capillary electrophoresis method for the simultaneous determination of indacaterol and glycopyrronium was developed and validated. The separation was achieved within 5 min using 65 mM phosphate buffer at pH 5.5 under an applied voltage of 18 kV and UV detection at 195 nm. To enhance the sensitivity, field-amplified sample stacking was adopted. The main parameters that affected separation and stacking efficiency were investigated. The method showed good linearity in the ranges 20-800 ng/mL for both analytes with LODs of 3.63 and 2.84 ng/mL for indacaterol and glycopyrronium, respectively. The method was successfully applied in analysis of indacaterol and glycopyrronium both individually and in a combined dosage inhaler capsules. In addition, ultrasound extraction as a green sample preparation technique for their determination in spiked human plasma and urine with good recovery was evaluated.