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Abstract
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommends keeping the increase in temperature to less than a two-degree increase by the end of the century, but the direct impact of global warming on ecosystems including microbes has not been investigated. Here we performed thermal adaptation of two species and three strains of mesophilic microbes for improvement of the survival upper limit of temperature, and the improvement was evaluated by a newly developed method. To understand the limitation and variation of thermal adaptation, experiments with mutators and by multiple cultures were performed. The results of experiments including genome sequencing and analysis of the characteristics of mutants suggest that these microbes bear a genomic potential to endure a 2–3°C rise in temperature but possess a limited variation of strategies for thermal adaptation.
Highlights
According to the fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change regarding global warming over the 100 years, in a scenario with the lowest average temperature rise, the temperature is predicted to rise by about 2 degrees, and in a scenario with the highest average temperature rise, the temperature is expected to rise by about 4 degrees
Previous adaptation experiments were carried out by repetitive cultivations in minimum or rich media at fixed temperatures from 20 ̊C to 42 ̊C [3, 5,6,7] or by a stepwise increase in temperature to 45.5 ̊C [2] or 48.5 ̊C [1, 4], and thermoadapted mutants isolated by a stepwise temperature upshift in a rich medium were shown to survive at equivalent high temperatures in a minimum medium [1]
In this study using thermal adaptation experiments in a rich medium with two different species and three strains with distinct critical high temperature (CHT), there was an improvement in the CHTs up to 2 degrees (Table 1) and application of mutators to further improve the CHT resulted in an increase of one more degree in the CHT of Z. mobilis TISTR 548, giving a total increase of 3 degrees in the CHT
Summary
According to the fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change regarding global warming over the 100 years, in a scenario with the lowest average temperature rise, the temperature is predicted to rise by about 2 degrees, and in a scenario with the highest average temperature rise, the temperature is expected to rise by about 4 degrees. The fifth Assessment Report points out the possibility of various effects on society and the environment if the temperature continues to rise as it has been. Microbial survival in global warming (S1311017), and partially supported by the Core to Core Program A. Advanced Research Networks, which was granted by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the National Research Council of Thailand, Ministry of Science and Technology in Vietnam, National Univ. Of Applied Science Berlin (T.K., P.T. and M.Y.), and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, MEXT/JSPS Kakenhi (25250028 and 16H02485 to M.Y.). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
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