Abstract
Donor concentrations were obtained from the capacitance-vs-voltage characteristics of ZnO-varistor systems with and without bismuth ions. The α-values increased with decreasing donor concentration in both systems, and the Bi-containing system had higher values than that without bismuth ions at the same donor concentration. According to the scanning Auger electron spectro scopy, the bismuth ions segregated at the grain boundaries, and manganese, cobalt and chromium ions dissolved in zinc oxide lattice. The solute ions such as Mn or Co decreased the donor concentration, but bismuth ions did not affect it. It was suggested that bismuth ions increased the α-value by changing the grain boundary structure or forming an insulatung layer at the grain boundary.
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