Abstract
Research Highlights: Forest management is trending toward creating multi-aged forest structures and diverse vegetative compositions. The challenge is successfully designing and implementing treatments that create these diverse forests. Regeneration establishment is the most important step when applying a silvicultural system because it determines future treatments and optimizes management options. This study provided the minimum canopy openings that favor the establishment of shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant tree species to inform the implementation of uneven-aged management. Background and Objectives: A replicated study was implemented in 2007 in moist mixed-conifer forests to design, apply, and test two silvicultural concepts, canopy opening size and site preparation. Our objective in 2015 was to evaluate tree regeneration establishment and growth and understory vegetation in relation to these two silvicultural concepts. Materials and Methods: Canopy opening sizes as measured by lidar ranged from 15% to 100%; and through the application of prescribed fire, mastication, pile and burn, or no site preparation, different combinations of forest floor substrates were created. We stratified our study area into five canopy opening classes and four site preparation treatments. Using this stratified sampling scheme, we located 65 plots and measured tree species, abundance, 5-year height growth, and vegetative lifeforms. Results: The pile and burn site preparation favored the establishment of all six tree species. The canopy opening size of 55% to 92% favored the regeneration of both shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant species. Grand-fir 5-year height growth was significantly influenced by site preparation and canopy opening, and western white pine 5-year height growth was only influenced by canopy opening. Treatments did not influence vegetative richness. Conclusions: This study provided key treatment parameters in designing the regeneration step for uneven-aged management strategies with the goal of creating vegetative diversity and establishing shade-intolerant tree species in moist mixed-conifer forests.
Highlights
There is an infinite number of ways to implement forest treatments and design silvicultural systems to promote multi-aged and irregular compositions and structures over time and space; the challenge lies in the design and implementation of treatments
Grand-fir 5-year height growth was significantly influenced by site preparation and canopy opening, and western white pine 5-year height growth was only influenced by canopy opening
All the canopy opening sizes had a diversity of lifeforms and tree species
Summary
There is an infinite number of ways to implement forest treatments and design silvicultural systems to promote multi-aged and irregular compositions and structures over time and space; the challenge lies in the design and implementation of treatments. Forests 2020, 11, 622 approach is called individuals, clumps, and openings [3] This method provides specific parameters that guide the implementation of treatments and the user decides group size, spacing, and number of gaps. The second approach is to incorporate forest dynamics, species silvics, gap dynamics, and other ecological concepts, in combination with the management objectives, harvest operations, and feasibility, to design the treatments [4,5]. This study uses this second approach to guide treatment designs
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