Canopy microclimate and arboreal lichen loading in subalpine spruce-fir forest

Abstract

Hair lichen communities in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) – subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) forests of the northern Cariboo Mountains (British Columbia) show distinct vertical zonation. Alectoria sarmentosa reaches peak abundance in the lower canopy (over 35 kg/ha) whereas Bryoria spp. lichens reach peak abundance in the upper canopy (over 250 kg/ha). These distribution patterns are accentuated by stand structure with trees growing in clumps retaining significantly higher lichen loading on a per branch basis compared to solitary trees. The vertical zonation of lichen communities is accompanied by distinct trends in canopy microclimate. Snowmelt events account for the largest proportion of observed thallus hydration in both Alectoria and Bryoria. Although canopy microclimate is surprisingly isothermal during rainfall events, the attenuation of thallus hydration after wetting is typically greater for lower canopy exposures. An important exception to this pattern is seen under midwinter conditions, when solar insolation is insufficient to sustain prolonged lower canopy snowmelt. Our data support the hypothesis that ventilation in upper canopy exposures is a contributing factor in the vertical zonation of Alectoria and Bryoria communities. Upper canopy Bryoria rely more heavily on snowmelt events to sustain thallus hydration, whereas lower canopy Alectoria utilize summer rainfall events to a greater extent. We hypothesize that physiological mechanisms, through which these patterns of canopy microclimate influence lichen zonation, may include an intolerance to prolonged wetting by Bryoria and higher resaturation respiration costs in Alectoria, which would limit it to more mesic canopy exposures. We believe that the observed distribution of canopy lichens ultimately reflects the long-term interaction of both physiological and successional processes (lichen colonization and dispersal) within the canopy.Key words: canopy, epiphytes, lichens, microclimate.