Abstract
Obtaining phytocannabinoids, associated with various medicinal and therapeutic properties with no reported side effects, is one of the hot topics. The phychotropic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is less than 0.2 % in industrial cultivars therefore can be grown legally in many EU countries. Harvesting and processing of hemp for fiber or seeds generates large amount of wastes containing substantial amounts of bioactives such as cannabidiol (CBD) which are the primary cannabinoids along with cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG), and cannabichromene (CBC). The aim of this work was to optimize the extraction of cannabinoids from industrial hemp threshing residue using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction in pilot scales. The effects of extraction pressure and temperature on the extraction yield were evaluated. Three ground and pelleted samples of the same type but with different harvesting time were also compared. After derivatization of the samples the cannabinoids and the minor THCs were quantified by GC-MS. The extraction yields were between 0.2 – 6.59 g/100 g dry mass depending on the source of hemp residue and on the process parameters of the extraction process. By increasing the pressure of extraction (in the range of 25-45 MPa at 45 °C) the extraction yields increased, meanwhile the yields of cannabinoids showed no significant increase. The volatile compounds were successfully separated from the cannabinoids with fractionated separation. From hemp threshing residues essential oil free extracts with high content of cannabinoids were obtained at 35 MPa extraction pressure and 45 °C temperature setting the first separator at 8 MPa and 40 °C.
Highlights
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is one of oldest cultivated annual crops it can be considered as one of the most controversial plant in our society
The aim of this work was to optimize the extraction of cannabinoids from industrial hemp threshing residue using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction in pilot scales
From hemp threshing residues essential oil free extracts with high content of cannabinoids were obtained at 35 MPa extraction pressure and 45 °C temperature setting the first separator at 8 MPa and 40 °C
Summary
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is one of oldest cultivated annual crops it can be considered as one of the most controversial plant in our society. Industrial hemp is cultivated for products such as fiber for paper and textile, cellulose, hemp seed oil for food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. These industrial cultivars accumulate a minimal amount of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (≤ 0.2 weight %) they are legally allowed for cultivation in USA, Canada and in many European countries. Cannabis sativa L. has numerous cultivars (which are available for certain purposes such as: high fiber or oil yields, low THC content). Kompolti variety was bred in Hungary especially for high fiber content and it is a variety suitable for local climate and soil. Felina 32 was bred in France for flowers and CBD content and mainly cultivated there [1,2,3]
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