Abstract
The anti-inflammatory properties of sand fly saliva favor the establishment of the Leishmania infantum infection. In contrast, an antibody response against Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva is often associated with a protective cell-mediated response against canine visceral leishmaniasis. Genetic studies may demonstrate to what extent the ability to secrete anti-saliva antibodies depends on genetic or environmental factors. However, the genetic basis of canine antibody response against sand fly saliva has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to identify chromosomal regions associated with the anti-Lu. longipalpis salivary IgG response in 189 dogs resident in endemic areas in order to provide information for prophylactic strategies. Dogs were classified into five groups based on serological and parasitological diagnosis and clinical evaluation. Anti-salivary gland homogenate (SGH) IgG levels were assessed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples and genotyped using a SNP chip with 173,662 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The following linear regression model was fitted: IgG level = mean + origin + sex + age + use of a repellent collar, and the residuals were assumed as pseudo-phenotypes for the association test between phenotypes and genotypes (GWA). A component of variance model that takes into account polygenic and sample structure effects (EMMAX) was employed for GWA. Phenotypic findings indicated that anti-SGH IgG levels remained higher in exposed and subclinically infected dogs than in severely diseased dogs even in regression model residuals. Five associated markers were identified on chromosomes 2, 20 and 31. The mapped genes included CD180 (RP105) and MITF related to the rapid activation of B lymphocytes and differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells. The findings pointed to chromosomal segments useful for functional confirmation studies and a search for adjuvant molecules of the anti-saliva response.
Highlights
Leishmania infantum infection ranges from asymptomatic infection to fatal visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in up to 10% of treated patients [1]
Treatment with anti-salivary gland homogenate (SGH) antibody or pre-exposure to the bite of Lu. longipalpis has been shown to reverse the saliva effects [9, 7]. This information along with the increase in antiLu. longipalpis SGH IgG levels in L. infantum-negative or subclinically infected dogs compared to diseased dogs [10, 11] supports the hypothesis that an antibody response to sand fly saliva plays a protective role in the outcome of canine L. infantum infection
The genetic relationship matrix of the first two principal components (C1 and C2) demonstrated that the sample structure was characterized by the grouping of the individuals into 4 breedrelated clusters dominated by three breeds (Fig 1)
Summary
Leishmania infantum (synonymous with Leishmania chagasi) infection ranges from asymptomatic infection to fatal visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in up to 10% of treated patients [1]. After saliva deposition in the host dermis, recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes occurs These last trigger a delayed hypersensitivity response (DTH) at the bite site [7]. Treatment with anti-SGH antibody or pre-exposure to the bite of Lu. longipalpis has been shown to reverse the saliva effects [9, 7] This information along with the increase in antiLu. longipalpis SGH IgG levels in L. infantum-negative or subclinically infected dogs compared to diseased dogs [10, 11] supports the hypothesis that an antibody response to sand fly saliva plays a protective role in the outcome of canine L. infantum infection. Such a pattern of response suggests variability in the genetic basis of anti-saliva IgG secretion capacity
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