Abstract
During 2012–2017, we collected throat swabs from dogs in China to characterize canine influenza virus (CIV) A(H3N2) isolates. A new antigenically and genetically distinct CIV H3N2 clade possessing mutations associated with mammalian adaptation emerged in 2016 and replaced previously circulating strains. This clade probably poses a risk for zoonotic infection.
Highlights
canine influenza virus (CIV) H3N2 originated from avian influenza viruses in aquatic birds
We found that H3N2 viruses of a novel genetic clade and antigenicity have prevailed in dogs in some areas of China since 2016, completely replacing the previous strains; this H3N2 clade might have originated from CIVs in South Korea or the United States
States and the absence of CIV H3N2 sequences from these countries after 2016 prevent identification of the ancestor of this clade
Summary
During October 2012–July 2017, we collected 399 throat swabs from dogs with respiratory symptoms in pet hospitals. Phylogenetic analysis of worldwide CIV H3N2 isolates indicated that each genome segment of the H3N2 isolates after 2016 formed a separate clade, distinct from other isolates from China, which grouped with isolates from South Korea and the United States The introduction of this CIV H3N2 clade into China most likely occurred in 2016 as either a single event or multiple events involving genetically similar viruses. This clade was more closely related to earlier H3N2 CIVs than the ancestral H3N2 avian influenza viruses from South Korea (Figure 1), and viruses of this clade could have originated from H3N2 CIVs circulating in South Korea or the United States.
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