Abstract
BackgroundHuman seminoma is classified as classical seminoma (SE) and spermatocytic seminoma (SS). Human SE is known to be more malignant and metastasizing more frequently than SS. Tumor angiogenesis is highly related with tumor progression and metastasis, with microvessel density (MVD) being an important parameter of metastatic potential. Canine seminoma is not yet well-established as SE or SS type including correlation with angiogenesis. We classified canine SE and SS, and then compared them to tumor associated vessels.MethodsTwenty-three cases of canine seminomas (2 intratubular, 9 diffuse, and 12 intratubular/diffuse seminomas showing both intratubular and diffuse patterns) were classified as SE or SS by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using monoclonal antibody against PLAP and by PAS stain. The histopathological data were then compared to see if there was a correlation with SE or SS. Angiogenesis of seminomas were evaluated by immunohistochemical assay using polyclonal antibody against Von Willebrand factor (vWF) and by calculating the means of MVD, vessels area and perimeters using computerized image analysis. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program was used for various statistical analyses.ResultsThe numbers of PLAP+/PAS+ canine SEs were 8/23 (34.8%) and PLAP-/PAS- SSs were 15/23 (61.2%). All SE cases (8/8, 100%) were intratubular/diffuse types. SS types included 2 intratubular (2/15, 13.3%), 9 diffuse (9/15, 60%), and 4 intratubular/diffuse (4/15, 26.7%) types. MVD and vascular parameters in SEs were significantly higher than in SSs, showing the highest value in the intratubular/diffuse type. Seminomas observed with neoplastic cells invasion of vessels presented higher perimeter and area values than seminomas without conformed neoplastic cells invasion.ConclusionIn this study, we demonstrated a positive relationship between canine SE and tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, we also showed that a tumor cells invasion of vessels were a correlated vascular parameter. Although metastasis of canine seminomas has rarely been reported, our results support that canine SE could have high metastatic potential similar to the human counterpart. Further studies are required to clarify the relationship between canine SE and clinical data with metastatic factors.
Highlights
Human seminoma is classified as classical seminoma (SE) and spermatocytic seminoma (SS)
Note: O, observed; ×, not observed; +, positive;, negative; PLAP, placental alkaline phosphatase; PAS, periodic acid-Schiff ever, results from the present study suggest the potential for highly metastatic tumor types among canine seminomas
Our results suggested that SEs were larger and harbored more vessels than SS; this suggested that canine SE may possess greater metastatic potential than canine SS
Summary
Human seminoma is classified as classical seminoma (SE) and spermatocytic seminoma (SS). Human SE is known to be more malignant and metastasizing more frequently than SS. Canine seminoma is not yet well-established as SE or SS type including correlation with angiogenesis. Testicular germ cell tumors are the most common tumor in male [1], and are classified as seminomas and nonseminomas [2]. Seminoma occurs frequently in the testicles of both human and canine [3,4,5]. Human SE is usually found in young adults, but is rare in children and has high malignant and metastatic potential [4,11]. SS rarely metastasizes and occurs in old men [4,11]. There are three cell types: large; intermediate; small (lymphocyte-like) cells. SS shows more numerous mitotic figures than SE [15]
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