Abstract
BackgroundThe males of many Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) respond strongly to plant-derived chemicals (male lures) and can be divided into cue lure/raspberry ketone (CL/RK) responders, methyl eugenol (ME) responders and non-responders. Representing a non-responders, Bactrocera minax display unique olfactory sensory characteristics compared with other Bactrocera species. The chemical senses of insects mediate behaviors that are associated with survival and reproduction. Here, we report the generation of transcriptomes from antennae and the rectal glands of both male and female adults of B. minax using Illumina sequencing technology, and annotated gene families potentially responsible for chemosensory.ResultsWe developed four transcriptomes from different tissues of B. minax and identified a set of candidate genes potentially responsible for chemosensory by analyzing the transcriptomic data. The candidates included 40 unigenes coding for odorant receptors (ORs), 30 for ionotropic receptors (IRs), 17 for gustatory receptors (GRs), three for sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), 33 for odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), four for chemosensory proteins (CSPs). Sex- and tissue-specific expression profiles for candidate chemosensory genes were analyzed via transcriptomic data analyses, and expression profiles of all ORs and antennal IRs were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Phylogenetic analyses were also conducted on gene families and paralogs from other insect species together.ConclusionsA large number of chemosensory genes were identified from transcriptomic data. Identification of these candidate genes and their expression profiles in various tissues provide useful information for future studies towards revealing their function in B. minax.
Highlights
The males of many Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) respond strongly to plant-derived chemicals and can be divided into cue lure/raspberry ketone (CL/Raspberry ketone (RK)) responders, methyl eugenol (ME) responders and non-responders
Transcriptome assembly A total of 53.4, 53.4, 52.8 and 51.1 million raw reads were obtained by sequencing the libraries derived from dissected female antennae, male antennae, female rectal glands and male rectal glands, respectively
After trimming adaptor sequences, eliminating low quality reads, and removing contaminant sequences, 51.8, 51.8, 51.2 and 49.6 millions of clean reads were retained from these four transcriptomes, respectively
Summary
The males of many Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) respond strongly to plant-derived chemicals (male lures) and can be divided into cue lure/raspberry ketone (CL/RK) responders, methyl eugenol (ME) responders and non-responders. The chemical senses of insects mediate behaviors that are associated with survival and reproduction. An OR/ ORco complex functions as a ligand-gated ion channel and is activated by odorant molecule. The “antennal IRs” sub-family that is predominately or expressed in antennae, was initially defined as another olfactory receptor [15]. GRs are another G-protein coupled receptor family that are distantly related to ORs, and are broadly expressed in the antennae, mouthparts, wings and ovipositor of the insects, which are generally tuned for tasting (bitter and sweet) [27,28,29,30,31,32] and carbon dioxide detection [33, 34]. The Drosophila melanogaster SNMP subtype SNMP1 is involved in pheromone reception, and is located in the dendritic membrane of pheromone-sensitive neurons, and triggers ligand delivery to a pheromone receptor [37,38,39]
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