Abstract
It is generally recognized that an elite athlete's status is a multifactorial phenotype depending on many environmental and genetic factors. Variations in the sequence of nucleotides in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), in particular, single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) act as key internal factors associated with achieving high results in sports. The determination of specific individuals' genetic characteristics allows us to identify athletes who have the greatest genetically determined potential for certain sports that require speed, strength or endurance manifestation. Of course, peculiarities of the structure and function of skeletal muscles are among the most important characteristics in sports results context, in sports associated with the development of power / strength or endurance phenotypes. The composition and function of skeletal muscles are controlled by many different genes, and their SNVs can serve as strength or endurance athletes' status biomarkers. (1) Background: to conduct a thematic review of candidate genes studies and their single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) associated with the functioning of skeletal muscles in athletes. (2) Methods: A search for articles for the period from 2010 to 2020 was conducted in the databases SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Calendar, Clinical keys, PubMed, e-LIBRARY using keywords and their combinations; (3) Conclusions: The identification of genetic biomarkers associated with muscular system regulation can help neurologists, sports doctors and coaches in developing personalized strategies for selecting children, adolescents and young adults for endurance, strength and speed sports (for example, running short, medium or long distances). Such a personalized approach will increase sports performance and reduce the risk of sports injuries of the musculoskeletal system.
Highlights
Cyclic sports, in particular, running disciplines, are characterized by a wide variety of distances from a sprint, the duration of which is a few seconds to a marathon, which lasts several hours [1]
Our analysis of studies of candidate genes encoding structural proteins and enzymes involved in the regulation of contractility and relaxation of skeletal muscles in athletes has shown that in recent years, the interest of researchers in sports genetics has been increasing
The most studied are 4 candidate genes ACTN3; MSTN; catecholamine transferase (COMT); IGF-II (Table 1), the expression level of which differs in skeletal muscles and myocardium (Table 2), which is probably important to take into account when translating the results of genetic studies into real sports practice
Summary
In particular, running disciplines, are characterized by a wide variety of distances from a sprint, the duration of which is a few seconds to a marathon, which lasts several hours [1]. It should be borne in mind that the ability of skeletal muscles to generate strength and a high contraction rate is influenced by genetic factors. The effectiveness of sprint running is largely determined by the strength of skeletal muscles, and their strength is largely determined by physiological factors such as the size, type, length and speed of muscle fibers. If type II fibers predominate in the structure of muscle tissue, it can have a positive effect on an athlete's strength development [2]. Effect over the contractile function of skeletal muscles
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