Abstract
Chronic headache is a topical problem of neurology, psychiatry and general practice. The medication-overuse headache (MOH) is one of the leading pathologies in the structure of chronic headache. However, early diagnosis of the MOH is challenging. We analyzed potential proteomic biomarkers of serum and urine in patients with MOH. Methods: We searched PubMed, Springer, Scopus, Web of Science, ClinicalKey, and Google Scholar databases for English publications over the past 10 years using keywords and their combinations. Results: We found and analyzed seven studies that met the search criteria for the purpose of the review, including 24 serum proteomic biomarkers and 25 urine proteomic biomarkers of MOH. Moreover, the candidate genes and locus of the studied serum (vitamin D-binding protein, lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase, apolipoprotein E, etc.) and urine proteomic biomarkers (uromodulin, alpha-1-microglobulin, zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein, etc.) of MOH are presented in this review. Conclusions: The serum and urine proteomic biomarkers of MOH can potentially help with the identification of patients with MOH development. Due to the relevance of the problem, the authors believe that further investigation of the MOH proteomic biomarkers in different ethnic and racial groups of patients with primary headache is necessary. In addition, it is important to investigate whether medications of different drug classes influence the levels of serum and urine proteomic biomarkers.
Highlights
Frequent and regular consumption of acute headache medication does not seem enough to cause medication-overuse headache (MOH), individual predisposition and specifics of the medication class combined play a significant role in its development [16]
We considered studies published from 2011 to 2021 and identified publications devoted to the search for proteomic biomarkers in medication-overuse headache
Bellei et al (2017) demonstrated overexpressed serum proteins, alpha-1-macroglobulin (A1MG), vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP), apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), apolipoprotein E (APOE), prostaglandin-H2-D-isomerase (PTGDS), transthyretin (TTR), which can be involved in the expression or mediation of chronic pain, on a rat model after chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve [24]
Summary
With an incidence of 3% per year, 4–5% of the general population suffers from chronic headache, known as headache occurrence ≥15 days per month [3,4,5]. Chronic forms of headache, such as chronic migraine or chronic tension-type headache, often involve a high and daily intake of combination analgesics and acute headache medications (AHMs), such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and triptans [6]. They only worsen the chronic symptoms, resulting in the development of the secondary headache, so-called medication-overuse headache (MOH) [7]. Frequent and regular consumption of acute headache medication does not seem enough to cause MOH, individual predisposition and specifics of the medication class combined play a significant role in its development [16]
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