Abstract
Infections caused by Candida species have been increasing in the last decades and can result in local or systemic infections, with high morbidity and mortality. After Candida albicans, Candida glabrata is one of the most prevalent pathogenic fungi in humans. In addition to the high antifungal drugs resistance and inability to form hyphae or secret hydrolases, C. glabrata retain many virulence factors that contribute to its extreme aggressiveness and result in a low therapeutic response and serious recurrent candidiasis, particularly biofilm formation ability. For their extraordinary organization, especially regarding the complex structure of the matrix, biofilms are very resistant to antifungal treatments. Thus, new approaches to the treatment of C. glabrata’s biofilms are emerging. In this article, the knowledge available on C. glabrata’s resistance will be highlighted, with a special focus on biofilms, as well as new therapeutic alternatives to control them.
Highlights
The application of DNA microarray and proteomic technologies can facilitate a more detailed analysis of the biofilm lifestyle [158,159] Specific biofilm formation genes are being brought up regarding different roles in biofilm resistance: peroxisomal catalase (CTA1), the biosynthesis and degradation of tyrosine genes (ARO), the muscle creatine kinase (MSK), the heat shock protein 90 (HSP 90), the sphingolipid biosynthesis (SKN 1 and KRE1), SIR, RIF, and, the extracellular matrix (ECM) regulators: zinc regulated genes (ZAP1), g-carbonic anhydrase (GCAL1), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH5), and cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH1) [130,159]
The results revealed that the biofilm and planktonic population had substantial overlap in amphotericin B-persistent mutants
The quick rise in the incidence of single, cross, and multidrug antifungal resistance within C. glabrata strains make it crucial to further increase the data on the virulence and resistance mechanisms associated with this species
Summary
Candida glabrata strains were originally classified in the genus Torulopsis due to its lack of filaments forms formation. In Sabouraud dextrose agar culture medium, C. glabrata strains forms glistening, smooth, and cream-coloured colonies, which are relatively indistinguishable from those of other Candida species except for their relative size (Figure 1), which can be quite small [3]. On CHROMagarTM Candida (CHROMagar, Paris, France), a differential agar medium, it is possible to distinguish a number of different Candida species by colour; as a result of distinct biochemical reactions, C. glabrata colonies appear white, pink to purple (Figure 1), in contrast to C. albicans colonies which are blue-green. Oppositely to the other Candida species, but to its cousin S. cerevisiae, C. glabrata is strictly haploid and typically grows only in the yeast. Candida form [8].species, but to its cousin S. cerevisiae, C. glabrata is strictly haploid and typically grows only in the yeast form [8]
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