Abstract
Aim This study aims to evaluate the association of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis with periodontitis in adolescents and young adults in a Moroccan population. Methods 426 subjects aged between 12 and 25 years were recruited for the study. A pool of plaque sample was taken. Samples were cultured on Sabouraud Chloramphenicol medium at 37°C for 24–48 hours and then identified by the Vitek 2 YST system. Clinical data and presence of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis were analyzed using Jamovi (Version 1.8). Results Candida albicans was observed in 25 subjects among 68 diseased patients (37%) and in 60 subjects among 358 healthy patients (17%). It can be reported that under normal yeast conditions, there is a statistically significant difference between these two groups (P < 0.001). Candida dubliniensis was more prevalent in periodontitis than in healthy subjects (P=0.026). Regarding clinical variables, subgroups of periodontitis subjects showed significant statistical differences for periodontal probing depth, clinical attachment loss, and number of decayed teeth in advanced periodontitis in comparison with initial or mild periodontitis. The results also indicate that the presence of the two species of Candida is not related to gender or age (P > 0.05) nor related to the severity of the periodontal disease in this population. Conclusion Within the limits of our study, Candida albicans is more frequently associated with periodontitis. The potential role of C. albicans in periodontitis pathogenesis is very complex. More studies on biofilm associated with different forms of periodontitis are necessary. It is also important to assess the coexistence of periodontitis and caries and the associated biofilms.
Highlights
Periodontal diseases are among the most common infectious diseases affecting the oral cavity. ey are associated with the presence of microbial biofilm that affects the immune-inflammatory response. e unbalance between biofilm accumulation and host response causes the destruction of the periodontium, which can lead to the possible loss of teeth [1, 2]. e periodontal pocket is an elementary lesion of periodontitis and serves as reservoirs of microbial agents [3]
E study population had globally very high plaque index and bleeding on probing index, even if the difference was statically significant between nonperiodontitis subjects and periodontitis subjects (Table 1)
Subgroups of periodontitis subjects showed significant statistical differences for periodontal probing depth, clinical attachment loss, and number of decayed teeth in periodontitis Stage III and grade C in comparison with periodontitis Stage I or II and Grade B, respectively (Tables 3 and 4). e results indicate that the presence of the two species of Candida is not related to the severity of the periodontal disease in this population (Tables 3 and 4)
Summary
Periodontal diseases are among the most common infectious diseases affecting the oral cavity. ey are associated with the presence of microbial biofilm that affects the immune-inflammatory response. e unbalance between biofilm accumulation and host response causes the destruction of the periodontium, which can lead to the possible loss of teeth [1, 2]. e periodontal pocket is an elementary lesion of periodontitis and serves as reservoirs of microbial agents [3]. Periodontal diseases are among the most common infectious diseases affecting the oral cavity. Ey are associated with the presence of microbial biofilm that affects the immune-inflammatory response. Microbiota associated with periodontitis is very complex and play a major role in the development and the severity of the disease. E most frequently isolated yeast from the oral cavity of healthy individuals is Candida with frequency of 31 to 55% [8]. Several species of this Candida genus have been identified in periodontal pockets from 7.1 to 19.6% of patients with periodontal disease [9, 10]. E most frequently associated with these diseases is Candida albicans yeast. Other less widespread species have been isolated too [11, 12], such as Candida dubliniensis, a yeast closely phylogenetically
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