Abstract
Ovarian cancer remains the most fatal gynecologic malignancy worldwide due to delayed diagnosis as well as recurrence and drug resistance. Thus, the development of new tumor-related molecules with high sensitivity and specificity to replace or supplement existing tools is urgently needed. Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) are exclusively expressed in normal testis tissues but abundantly found in several types of cancers, including ovarian cancer. Numerous novel CTAs have been identified by high-throughput sequencing techniques, and some aberrantly expressed CTAs are associated with ovarian cancer initiation, clinical outcomes and chemotherapy resistance. More importantly, CTAs are immunogenic and may be novel targets for antigen-specific immunotherapy in ovarian cancer. In this review, we attempt to characterize the expression of candidate CTAs in ovarian cancer and their clinical significance as biomarkers, activation mechanisms, function in malignant phenotypes and applications in immunotherapy.
Highlights
Ovarian cancer is one of the most fatal gynecologic malignancies worldwide, with an estimated incidence of 239,000 cases and 152,000 deaths each year [1]
Vogelstein et al proposed that driver genes include mut-driver genes and epi-driver genes, which are aberrantly expressed in tumors but not frequently mutated; they are altered through changes in DNA methylation or chromatin modification that persist as the tumor cell divides [8]
Zhang et al found CT45 to be activated only in late-stage and high-grade disease, and increased CT45 expression was correlated with reduced overall survival (OS) and DFS in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) [31]. These findings indicate that CT genes have the potential to serve as prognostic markers for ovarian cancer patients
Summary
Ovarian cancer is one of the most fatal gynecologic malignancies worldwide, with an estimated incidence of 239,000 cases and 152,000 deaths each year [1]. OS, DFS, Grade, Stage, Metastasis, Global DNA hypomethylation NR OS, Metastasis, Chemotherapy, Molecular biological functions involved in OC Cell growth, Paclitaxel-resistant phenotype, Coregulation with other MAGE genes. One study suggested that NY-ESO-1 and LAGE-1 are dually expressed in 11% of epithelial ovarian tumor specimens as well as the SKOV3 cell line [25].
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