Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The incidence and mortality of cancer is expected to grow rapidly. In Iran cancer morbidity and mortality are gradually changing as a result of economic, demographic and epidemiological transition. Common cancers, such as breast, prostate, colorectal and stomach have different rates of morbidity and mortality in advanced countries and also in Iran. This differentiation has been attributed to prevention measures and activities to control cancer. Cancer prevention and control is one of the most important scientific and public health challenges of this era. A comprehensive cancer control program suggests various ways to control cancer and implements those that are the most cost-effective and beneficial for the largest part of the Iranian population. Thus, it is suggested that a cancer prevention program in three levels of prevention is conducted. The goal of primary prevention is controlling of cancer causes which will be done by preventing human exposure to the risk factors of cancer. Secondary prevention includes early detection of cancer based on the screening program and an effective and timely treatment. Tertiary prevention includes Palliative care to improve the quality of life of patients and their families facing these problems. Considering the existing facilities and the breadth of the primary health care network and human resources and scientific support, a comprehensive cancer control program must be integrated into the primary healthcare network in Iran.
Highlights
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide in developed and developing countries.[1]
The estimated mortality for cancer was 90.4% and 72.2% at 100,000 in males and females, which represent an increase of 25.4% and 31.1%, respectively, from the latest report of the National Record of Death (NDR) in 2004.5 The incidence of cancer for all types of cancers from 2004 to 2012 has shown an increase i in both genders, which is more prominent in 4 major cancers including stomach, breast, prostate and colorectal cancer.[6]
Considering the existing facilities and the breadth of the primary health care network and human resources and scientific support, a comprehensive cancer control program with the ultimate goal of reducing the incidence and mortality of cancer, raising public awareness for the prevention and early diagnosis of cancer, implementing public screening programs and, developing and implementing strict medical guidelines, designing and providing supportive services and palliative care would be integrated into the primary healthcare network
Summary
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide in developed and developing countries.[1]. The estimated mortality for cancer was 90.4% and 72.2% at 100,000 in males and females, which represent an increase of 25.4% and 31.1%, respectively, from the latest report of the National Record of Death (NDR) in 2004.5 The incidence of cancer for all types of cancers from 2004 to 2012 has shown an increase i in both genders, which is more prominent in 4 major cancers including stomach, breast, prostate and colorectal cancer.[6] According to a recent report from GLOBOCAN 2012, breast cancer in women and gastric cancer in men are the most frequently diagnosed cancers and the leading causes of cancer death in Iran.[7] Breast cancer is the most common cancer of women in the world and in Iran, and is the leading cause of death in women, accounting for 24.5% of all cases of cancer and 14.2% of all deaths in 2012.8 The incidence of breast cancer in developed countries, despite the increased prevalence of breast cancer risk factors and the use of screening for breast cancer, has been rising since 2000.9 Compared to the increased and stable incidence patterns, the mortality rate of breast cancer has declined in developed countries since the 1990s. According to the estimations of GLOBOCAN 2012, its mortality is generally upwards.[20, 21] Despite the increasing prevalence in several countries, colorectal cancer deaths in many countries have reduced, possibly due to comprehensive screening and improvements in treatments.[22]
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