Cancer signaling, cell/gene therapy, diagnosis and role of nanobiomaterials

Abstract

An important characteristic of cancer is aberrant metabolism. Drug resistance, cancer stem cells, metastasis and tumorigenesis are all significantly impacted by abnormal cancer metabolism, which includes enhanced anabolic pathways and aerobic glycolysis. The Hippo pathway, Myc and PI3K/AKT are recognized oncogenic signaling networks that control the expression of metabolic genes and increase the level of activity of metabolic enzymes. On the other hand, abnormal metabolic pathways result in disruptions to the internal signal transduction pathways of cells, providing energy, building blocks and redox capabilities necessary for uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation. Studies and clinical trials are being carried out to investigate the impact of minute substances or dietary modifications, such as calorie restriction, fasting and intermittent fasting, on the inhibition of metabolic enzymes. The metabolic phenotypes of malignancies are remarkably diverse, much like genetic variability. Genetic abnormalities and a variety of signals found in the tumor microenvironment contribute to this variability. Therefore, one of the main objectives of contemporary cancer therapies is to overcome metabolic plasticity. This overview explains the relationships between biochemical and pathways of signaling and emphasizes recent research on the metabolic properties of cancer. We also present fresh justifications for the upcoming class of medications that target cancer metabolism. This is an overview of our latest studies on the progress of nanomedicine and disease detection at the tiny level of nano-bio interactions between biological systems and nanoparticles. Significant progress in the field of nanomedicine has been accomplished in the last 20 years. However, the absence of a thorough knowledge of nano-bio interactions in the clinical situation makes it difficult to significantly improve overall patient survival with nanomedicine.