Abstract
Abstract More than 60% of the population of Pakistan has no access to safe drinking water. Industrial zones near populated areas make conditions more severe due to continuous contamination. The aim of this study was to use statistical tools for correlation and source identification and health risk assessment of contamination due to Sundar Industrial Estate (SIE), Lahore, Pakistan. Drinking and wastewater samples were collected from SIE and analyzed for physical, chemical, microbial, and heavy metals analysis. Results showed that heavy metals and microbial contamination were beyond the National Drinking Water Quality Standards of Pakistan while high values of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) wastewater were responsible for contamination of drinking water through seepage. There was a medium to strong correlation among parameters of all samples as indicated by Pearson correlation and analysis of variance. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis indicated sources of contamination, i.e., refuse leachate and untreated effluent discharges as main source of pollutants for drinking water. Health risk assessment showed a high intake of heavy metals through drinking water. Hazard quotient and hazard index indicated high probability of non-carcinogenic risk while cancer risk assessment suggested that out of every 100 of the population 93 people may suffer carcinogenic effects.
Highlights
IntroductionA small proportion (0.01%) of fresh water is available for human use (Azizullah et al )
Water is an essential element for life
In this study, drinking water and wastewater samples were collected from Sundar Industrial Estate for source, correlation, and health risk assessment
Summary
A small proportion (0.01%) of fresh water is available for human use (Azizullah et al ). Even this small proportion is continuously contaminated by various anthropogenic sources including urbanization/industrialization (Rehman et al ; Valipour ). Pakistan is facing a problem of contamination in drinking water due to anthropogenic sources. The main sources of anthropogenic activities are industries and untreated wastewater discharge in rivers and canals (Azizullah et al ). Such anthropogenic activities can be divided into point sources and non-point (diffused) sources (Rehman et al ; Azizullah et al ; Raza et al ). Industrial and domestic effluents are categorized as point sources while runoff of agriculture and hard surfaces are non-point sources (Raza et al ; Valipour )
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