Abstract
Exosomes, a category of small lipid bilayer extracellular vesicles that are naturally secreted by many cells (both healthy and diseased), carry cargo made up of proteins, lipids, DNAs, and RNAs; all of which are functional when transferred to their recipient cells. Numerous studies have demonstrated the powerful role that exosomes play in the mediation of cell-to-cell communication to induce a pro-tumoral environment to encourage tumor progression and survival. Recently, considerable interest has developed in regard to the role that exosomes play in immunity; with studies demonstrating the ability of exosomes to either metabolically alter immune players such as dendritic cells, T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells. In this review, we summarize the recent literature on the function of exosomes in regulating a key process that has long been associated with the progression of cancer—inflammation and immunity.
Highlights
Inflammation and CancerThe inflammatory response is a mechanism that is activated in response to tissue damage or recognition of pathogens, and is facilitated by the action of various cells and soluble mediators of the innate and adaptive immune system [1, 2]
If inflammation becomes unregulated and is inadequately resolved it can result in chronic inflammation, which has been linked with an increase in the risk of malignant cell transformation and cancer [2, 4]
Results indicated that tumor-derived exosomes were transferred into the THP-1 human monocytic cells and significantly induced the production and secretion of various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)6, IL-1β, and IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, via TLR2 and TLR4 binding on the cell surface of monocytes, which subsequently activated nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) [69]
Summary
Inflammation and CancerThe inflammatory response is a mechanism that is activated in response to tissue damage or recognition of pathogens, and is facilitated by the action of various cells and soluble mediators of the innate and adaptive immune system [1, 2]. Results indicated that tumor-derived exosomes were transferred into the THP-1 human monocytic cells and significantly induced the production and secretion of various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)6, IL-1β, and IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, via TLR2 and TLR4 binding on the cell surface of monocytes, which subsequently activated nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) [69].
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