Abstract
Based on the study of recent scientific literature devoted to neovascularization and angiogenesis in malignant neoplasms, it was concluded that there are many publications on each of the problems of tumor angiogenesis and vascularization. The formation of blood vessels in a tumor and certain aspects of the prognostic value of the severity of vascularization in almost all forms of cancer are considered. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of angiogenesis in tumors of the female reproductive system. A large number of vessels in the tumor often indicates a poor prognosis. The influence of various factors on the initiation of angiogenesis and the process itself, as well as the possibility of suppressing such signals to slow down the formation of blood vessels and thus the development of the tumor are widely studied. The results of pharmacological suppression of tumor vessel formation demonstrate a good clinical outcome but one accompanied by a large number of severe adverse side effects. Such a significant amount of studies on each of the problems of tumor vascularization indicates the increasing importance of this area of oncology. At the same time, only a very small number of works are devoted to the study of the differences in angiogenesis and number of vessels between different parts of the tumor, as well as between the primary tumor node and its metastases. The refinement of the results is still to be done. It was noted that the expression of proangiogenic factors in metastases is usually higher than in the source of metastasis, and the expression in lymphogenous metastases is higher than in hematogenous ones.
Highlights
In recent years, the treatment of ovarian cancer has been enriched with many new target treatment methods, with antiangiogenics and PARP inhibitors (poly(ADPribose)polymerase—the enzymes that catalyze poly-ADP-ribosylation, one of the types of post-translational modification of proteins) that literally changed the natural course of the disease
VEGF overexpression in the experiment counteracted the effect of miR-129-5p mimetics on angiogenesis in the tumor as well as on the invasive and migratory capacity of lung cancer cells that together lead to the progression of the malignant process
B7-H3 is highly expressed in the vascular endothelium of renal clear-cell carcinoma, and it is associated with the degree and stage of tumor node metastasis (TNM)
Summary
The treatment of ovarian cancer has been enriched with many new target treatment methods, with antiangiogenics and PARP inhibitors (poly(ADPribose)polymerase—the enzymes that catalyze poly-ADP-ribosylation, one of the types of post-translational modification of proteins) that literally changed the natural course of the disease. Impressive results of immunotherapy at various gynecological neoplasms, such as cervical and endometrial cancer, have opened up opportunities for the introduction of immune-stimulating drugs and for the treatment of ovarian tumors [1]. Understanding the dominating factors that control tumor angiogenesis may reveal new therapeutic targets in cancer treatment [2,3,4]. It has been shown that such endothelial cells are associated with angiogenesis in the tumor and its growth and can determine the disease prognosis. Endothelial cells of lymphatic vessels respond to molecular signals from the microenvironment, mediating the growth and remodeling of lymphatic capillaries in the primary tumor site, draining LN and distant premetastatic niches. The article briefly discusses vascularization as a predictor at cancer, the influence of VEGF on tumor growth and vascularization, results of tumor angiogenesis inhibition, tumor angiogenesis and stromal cells, and features of angiogenesis in ovarian cancer and other tumors of the female reproductive system
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